can easily gauge by te of a puddle on asummer’s day. Even someterranean in a t continually replenis occurred a little under six millionyears ago and provoked o science as ty Crisis. continental movement closed trait of Gibraltar. As terraneandried, its evaporated contents fell as freser rain into oting tiness—indeed, making t dilute enougo freeze over larger areas than normal.
t and puso an iceage. So at least theory goes.
is certainly true, as far as ell, is t a little c, as le furted us.
Oceans are t’s surface beeorologistsincreasingly treat oceans and atmospem, tle of our attention er is marvelous at ransporting . Every day,tream carries an amount of to Europe equivalent to tput of coalfor ten years, h Canadaand Russia.
But er also est days. For t reason tends to be a lag in tronomical start of aseason and tual feeling t t season arted. So spring may officially start in t it doesn’t feel like it in most places until April at t.
t one uniform mass of er. temperature, salinity,depty, and so on s on around, s climate. tlantic, for instance, is saltier too. tier er is t is, and dense er sinks. it its extra burden of salt, tlantic currents o tic, deprivingEurope of all t kindly of transfer on Eart is knoion, s far belo detected by tist-adventurer Count von Rumford in 1797.
2 surface ers, as t to ty of Europe, groo greatdeptrip back to tarctica,t up in tarctic Circumpolar Current, can take 1,500 years for er to travel from term means a number of to different people, it appears. In November 2002, Carl unscpublis in Science, quot; Is tion?,quot; in to signify at least seven different pion at tion driven by differences in density or buoyancy, quot;meridional overturning circulation of mass,quot; and soon)-to do ions and transfer of , tiously vague and embracingsense in w here.
Nortlantic to t t and er te is enormous.
(As for tion of takes a drop ofer to get from one ocean to anot scientists can measure c